Many types of drugs are used in veterinary medicine to control and improve animal health through therapeutic and pro-phylactic treatments. Palavras-chave: Avermectinas Marcador bioquímico Toxicidade Minhocas. A atividade da GST pode ser considerada como pa-râmetro sensível para avaliar a toxicidade da ivermectina para minhocas. Por outro lado, aos 14 e 28 dias foram observadas induções na atividade da enzima. Em particular, o efeito inibitório foi significativo nas concentrações mais elevadas de tratamento (10, 50 e 100 mg kg-1). Com o aumento da concentração de IVM, as atividades da GST foram inibidas significativamente após 7 dias de exposição.
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Especificamente, após uma redução inicial, o prolongamento da exposição causou a indução da atividade da GST. Os resultados mostraram que a duração da exposição alterou significativamente os efeitos do parasiticida investigado sobre a atividade de GST. As minhocas Eisenia foetida foram expostas à concentrações de IVM a 0, 1, 5, 10, 50 e 100 mg kg-1, e as amostras foram tomadas nos dias 7, 14 e 28 para determinação da atividade da GST. Tendo em vista que a IVM é pouco metabolizada, excretada de forma relativamente inalterada e pela escassez de dados sobre a toxicidade aos invertebrados do solo, foram investigados, neste estudo, os efeitos agudos e crônicos deste parasiticida sobre a glutationa-s-transferase (GST) da oligoqueta Eisenia foetida. Estudos anteriores demonstraram que a ivermectina (IVM), um parasiticida amplamente utilizado, é muito tóxico para diversas espécies de invertebrados não-alvo. As avermectinas são vastamente utilizadas na medicina veterinária e na agricultura. A desvantagem desta prática é que os produtos farmacêuticos e seus metabólitos são libe-rados no ambiente e podem influenciar a fauna do solo através da excreção do esterco ou pela posterior aplicação ao campo agrícola. Muitos tipos de drogas são usados na medicina veterinária para controlar e melhorar a saúde animal através de trata-mentos terapêuticos e profiláticos. Thus, terrestrial biota can serve as bioindicators for microplastic pollution of soil, which could act as a vector for potentially toxic elements. In addition, the metallic elements antimony, iron, aluminum, selenium, and zinc were determined with different concentrations. The following polymers were present in all studied samples: copolyamide, nylon, high- and low-density polyethylene, polyamide, and polyester. The particles were characterized by infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) some associated potentially toxic metals were assessed in the filtrate by inductively coupled plasma spectrometry (ICP). Microplastics were isolated with the help of caustic potash. The terrestrial species Eobania vermiculata, Rumina decollata, Porcellio, Armadillo, Lumbricus terrestris, and Scolopendra were evaluated as bioindicators for soil pollution by microplastics and some potentially toxic metallic elements. Many studies are found concerning marine microplastic distribution and pollution however, rarely do they address terrestrial contamination. Microplastics’ smaller size enhances toxic pollutants’ adsorption, through which they are easily digested by small biota and finally accumulated along the food chain. There are different sources of microplastics contamination, including plastic bags, masks, synthetic textiles, and various coatings. Plastics decompose gradually into smaller fragments (<5 mm) known as microplastics.
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Plastic products used in our daily life remain in the environment for a long time. Based on these results and current information on environmental levels of abamectin, it is not likely that isopods will be affected by abamectin, but further studies with exposure through faeces are recommended. Abamectin only slightly accumulated in the isopods, with bioaccumulation factors always being <0.1. Additionally, loss of digging activity and reduced GST activity (NOEC 30 mg/kg dry soil) and cell membrane destabilization (NOEC 10 mg/kg dry soil) were recorded. The most obvious sublethal effects were reduced food consumption and decreased body mass (NOEC 3 mg/kg dry soil). LC50 for the effect of abamectin on survival of P. Measurements included glutathione S-transferase (GST) activity and stability of cell membranes in the digestive gland, animal mass gain or loss, food consumption, behaviour and mortality. Toxicity was evaluated on different levels of biological organisation: biochemical, cellular and the individual organism. After exposure, abamectin residues in the isopods were analysed using a novel analytical method. To determine effects of the antiparasitic veterinary drug abamectin on the isopod Porcellio scaber, animals were exposed for 21 days to Lufa 2.2 soil spiked at concentrations of 3-300 mg/kg dry soil.